Hydropower, also known as hydroelectric power, is a fascinating and ancient source of renewable energy. It harnesses the energy of flowing water to generate electricity. In this educational blog, we will explore what hydropower is, how it works, and its benefits. Additionally, we’ll take a closer look at its potential in a country like India.
The Power of Flowing Water
Hydropower accounts for a significant portion of renewable energy in the United States, contributing to 28.7% of total renewable electricity generation and about 6.2% of total electricity generation.
According to their findings, the United States has successfully harnessed over 80% of its hydropower potential, while the European Union has developed more than 70% of its own potential.
When you think of hydropower, you might picture massive facilities like the Hoover Dam, which captures the energy of entire rivers. However, hydropower facilities come in various sizes, from large dams to small installations that utilize water flows in municipal water facilities or irrigation ditches. Some are even “nameless,” using diversions or run-of-river facilities to channel part of a stream through a powerhouse before the water rejoins the main river.
How Does Hydropower Work?
Hydropower facilities work by exploiting the difference in elevation between the water source on one side (often created by a dam or diversion structure) and the lower outflow on the other side. This difference in elevation allows the energy of flowing water to be converted into electricity.
The Benefits of Hydropower
Hydropower offers a multitude of benefits. Some of these advantages have been recognized and utilized for thousands of years. Here are some key benefits:
- Clean and Cost-Effective Energy
Hydropower is a clean and renewable source of energy, producing minimal greenhouse gas emissions. It’s also cost-effective, as the fuel source (water) is free, and operational costs are relatively low once the facility is built.
- Reliable Backup Power
Hydropower plants can provide power to the grid immediately, making them a reliable source of backup power during major electricity outages or disruptions. This reliability is crucial for maintaining the stability of the electrical grid.
- Multi-Purpose Functionality
Hydropower facilities often serve purposes beyond electricity generation. They contribute to flood control, support irrigation, and provide a stable water supply for various needs.
Potential of Hydropower in India
In India, hydropower has significant untapped potential. According to the Central Electricity Authority, the assessed hydropower potential in the country for projects with a capacity above 25 MW is approximately 145,320 MW.
Currently, around 29% of this potential has been developed, and an additional 10.3% is under construction.
In comparison, countries like the USA have harnessed over 80% of their hydropower potential, while the European Union has developed more than 70% of its potential. However, India faces several challenges in developing its hydroelectric potential, including remote locations, geological uncertainties, environmental and forest concerns, rehabilitation and resettlement issues, law and order challenges, and inter-state disputes.
To address these challenges and promote hydropower development, the Indian government has taken various policy initiatives. These include declaring large hydro projects (> 25 MW) as a renewable energy source, introducing Hydro Purchase Obligation (HPO) as a separate entity within Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO), implementing tariff rationalization measures, providing budgetary support for enabling infrastructure like roads and bridges and establishing mechanisms for dispute avoidance and resolution.
In conclusion, hydropower is a valuable and versatile source of renewable energy that has been harnessed for centuries. It offers a range of benefits, from clean energy production to reliability in times of need. In countries like India, where untapped potential remains, policy initiatives and investments can further expand the use of this sustainable energy source, contributing to a greener and more energy-efficient future.